c语言中,栈是具体应用方法和步骤
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发布时间:2022-04-20 09:58
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时间:2023-09-24 04:19
前言
栈是什么,你可以理解为一种先入后出的数据结构(First In Last Out),一种操作受限的线性表...
C实现
借助与C语言中的void指针及函数指针,我们可以实现一个链式通用栈:
/* stack.h */
#ifndef _STACK_H_
#define _STACK_H_
typedef struct stackNode {
void *value;
struct stackNode *next;
} stackNode;
typedef struct stack {
stackNode *top;
void (*free)(void *ptr);
unsigned long size;
} stack;
/* Functions implemented as macros */
#define stackTop(s) ((s)->top)
#define stackSize(s) ((s)->size)
#define stackSetFreeMethod(s, m) ((s)->free = (m))
#define stackGetFreeMethod(s) ((s)->free)
stack *stackCreate(void);
stack *stackPush(stack *stack, void *value);
stackNode *stackPop(stack *stack);
void stackClear(stack *stack);
#endif /* _STACK_H_ */
/* stack.c */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "stack.h"
stack *stackCreate(void)
{
struct stack *stack;
if ((stack = (struct stack *)malloc(sizeof(struct stack))) == NULL)
return NULL;
stack->top = NULL;
stack->free = NULL;
stack->size = 0;
return stack;
}
stack *stackPush(stack *stack, void *value)
{
stackNode *node;
if ((node = (stackNode *)malloc(sizeof(stackNode))) == NULL)
return NULL;
node->value = value;
node->next = (stack->size == 0) ? NULL : stack->top;
stack->top = node;
stack->size++;
return stack;
}
stackNode *stackPop(stack *stack)
{
stackNode *node;
node = stack->top;
if (stack->size != 0) {
stack->top = node->next;
stack->size--;
}
return node;
}
void stackClear(stack *stack)
{
unsigned long size;
stackNode *current, *next;
current = stack->top;
size = stack->size;
while (size--) {
next = current->next;
if (stack->free) stack->free(current->value);
free(current);
current = next;
}
free(stack);
}这里的实现附设了一个头节点,主要用于注册与栈节点操作相关的函数。我们把栈的大小信息也存了进去,这样就可以在O(1)的时间内获取当前栈大小了!
Python实现
在Python中,list其实可以直接作为栈使用,如果你只在它的一端进行操作的话。当然我们也可以简单封装一下:
class Stack(object):
"""A stack encapsulation based on list."""
def __init__(self):
self.items = []
def empty(self):
return self.items == []
def clear(self):
del self.items[:]
@property
def size(self):
return len(self.items)
def push(self, item):
"""Add a new item to the top of the stack."""
self.items.insert(0, item)
def pop(self):
"""Remove the top item from the stack."""
return self.items.pop(0)
def top(self):
"""Return the top item from the stack but not
remove it.
"""
return self.items[0]
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.items)
def __next__(self):
return self.pop()应用
下面介绍几个栈的典型应用。
括号匹配
给你一个算术表达式或者一段C代码,如何写一个程序验证它其中的括号是否匹配?借助栈,可以很容易实现。算法流程如下:
遍历字符:
1.如果是左括号,push入栈;
2. 如果是右括号,这时候如果栈为空,说明不匹配,如果栈不为空并且pop出栈的左括号与右括号类型不一样,说明不匹配;
遍历结束后,如果栈不为空,说明不匹配。
def check_pares(exp):
"""Check if parentheses match in a expression."""
stack = Stack()
pares = {')': '(', ']': '[', '}': '{'}
for x in exp:
if x in '([{':
stack.push(x)
elif x in ')]}':
if stack.empty() or pares[x] != stack.pop():
return False
return True if stack.empty() else False数制转换
以十进制转二进制为例:
def dec2bin(dec):
"""Converting decimal number to binary string."""
if dec == 0:
return '0'
stack = Stack()
while dec:
r = dec % 2
stack.push(r)
dec = dec // 2
return ''.join(str(digit) for digit in stack)模拟递归
遍历二叉树算是经典的递归应用了。我们以先序遍历为例,递归版本的代码很容易写:
def preorder_traversal(root):
"""
1
/
2 3
/
4 5 6
"""
if not root:
return
print(root.val)
preorder_traversal(root.lchild)
preorder_traversal(root.rchild)下面是非递归的版本:
def preorder_traversal(root)
s = Stack()
while s.size or root:
if root:
print(root.val)
s.push(root)
root = root.lchild
else:
root = s.pop().rchild总结